Anterior Cervical Discectomy with Fusion
Anterior cervical fusion is an operation performed on the upper spine
to relieve pressure on one or more nerve roots, or on the spinal cord.
The term is derived from the words anterior (front), cervical (neck),
and fusion (joining the vertebrae with a bone graft).
Why Is It Done?
When an intervertebral disc ruptures in the cervical spine, it puts
pressure on one or more nerve roots (often called nerve root compression)
or on the spinal cord, causing pain and other symptoms in the neck,
arms, and even legs. In this operation, the surgeon reaches the cervical
spine through a small incision in the front of the neck. After the muscles
of the spine are spread, the intervertebral disc is removed and a bone
graft is placed between the two vertebral bodies. Over time, this bone
graft will create a fusion between the vertebrae it lies between.
In more than 90 percent of cervical spine fusion surgeries done in
the United States today a small cervical plate is used to stabilize
the spine immediately after surgery. This hardware is used to improve
the stability of the spine immediately after surgery and to also decrease
the chance that the bone graft might be dislodged or moved slightly
from the position that it was placed in by the surgeon. The use of hardware
for stabilizing the cervical spine has changed the way in which cervical
collars are used after surgery. Today, collars are typically worn for
a shorter period of time after surgery than in the past.
What Happens Afterwards?
Successful recovery from anterior cervical fusion requires that you
approach the operation and recovery period with confidence based on
a thorough understanding of the process. Your surgeon has the training
and expertise to correct physical defects by performing the operation;
he or she and the rest of the health care team will support your recovery.
Your body is able to heal the involved muscle, nerve, and bone tissues.
Full recovery, however, will also depend on you having a strong, positive
attitude, setting small goals for improvement, and working steadily
to accomplish each goal.
The Operation
Incision 
Surgery for anterior cervical fusion is performed with the patient lying
on his or her back. A small incision is made in the front of the neck,
to one side.
Exposure and Removal of the Cervical Disc
After a retractor is used to pull aside fat and muscle, the disc is
exposed between the vertebrae. Part of it is removed with a forceps.
Then a surgical drill is used to enlarge the disc space, making it
easier for the surgeon to empty the intervertebral space fully and remove
any bone spurs. Afterwards, only a single ligament separates the surgical
instruments from the spinal cord and nerve roots.
Placement of the Bone Graft
 A
small section of bone is obtained from the patient's iliac crest (i.e.
hip), through a separate incision and used as a bone graft. The bone
graft is placed in the disc space, where it will begin to fuse the vertebrae
it lies between.
Adding Stability: Fusion
Placing a bone graft between the two vertebral bodies is done in order
to create a fusion between these bones. The fusion is a direct result
of the bone graft, but small, specialized metal plates are also placed
on the front of the cervical spine in order to increase the stability
of the spine immediately after the operation. Surgeons use cervical
hardware to decrease the amount of time that you will have to wear a
collar after surgery, and also to increase your chances of getting a
solid fusion between the two vertebral bodies.
Incision Closure 
The operation is completed when the neck incision is closed in several
layers. Unless dissolving suture material is used, the skin sutures
(stitches) or staples will have to be removed after the incision has
healed.
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